[1] UN Secretary General’s High Level Panel on Women’s Economic Empowerment, Leave No One Behind: A Call to Action for Gender Equality and Women’s Economic Empowerment. Available at:
[2] International Monetary Fund (2018). Pursuing Women’s Economic Empowerment. Available at: https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/Policy-Papers/Issues/2018/05/31/pp053118pursuing-womens-economic-empowerment
[3] Moody’s Analytics, Close the Gender Gap to Unlock Productivity Gains, March 2023. Available at: https://www.moodysanalytics.com/-/media/article/2023/Close-the-Gender-Gap-to-Unlock-Productivity-Gains.pdf
[4] UN Women, Progress of the World’s Women 2015-2016. Chapter 2, p. 69.
[5] UN Women, Progress on the Sustainable Development Goals: The gender snapshot 2023. Available at:
[6] International Labour Organization (ILO), World Social Protection Report 2020–2. Available at: https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/@ed_protect/@soc_sec/documents/publication/wcms_817572.pdf
[7] FAO, The State of food security and nutrition in the world, 2022. Available at: https://www.fao.org/3/cc0639en/cc0639en.pdf
[8] Unicef, Progress on household drinking water, sanitation and hygiene 2000-2022: Special focus on gender. Available at: https://data.unicef.org/resources/jmp-report-2023/
[9] The World Bank, The Global Findex Database 2021: Financial Inclusion, Digital Payments, and Resilience in the Age of COVID-19. (Washington, D.C., World Bank, 2021). Available at: http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/187761468179367706/pdf/WPS7255.pdf
[10] The International Telecommunications Union’s Facts and Figures 2022 on global connectivity amid economic downturn. Available at:
[11] World Bank, Women, Business and the Law 2023. (Washington, D.C., 2023). Available at: https://wbl.worldbank.org/en/wbl
[12] Statistics on women – ILOSTAT. Available at: https://ilostat.ilo.org/topics/women
[13] International Labour Organization (ILO), World Employment and Social Outlook: Trends 2023. Available at: https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/—dgreports/—inst/documents/publication/wcms_865332.pdf. And ILO Spotlight on Work Statistics n°12 (March, 2023). Available at: https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/—dgreports/—stat/documents/publication/wcms_870519.pdf
[14] International Labour Organization (ILO), Third edition Women and men in the informal economy: A statistical picture, 2018. Available at: https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/—dgreports/—dcomm/documents/publication/wcms_626831.pdf
[15] ILO and FAO (2021), Extending social protection to rural populations, ILO and FAO, Geneva. Available at: Extending social protection to rural populations (fao.org)
[16] FAO, The status of women in agrifood systems (Rome, 2023) Available at: https://www.fao.org/3/cc5343en/cc5343en.pdf
[17] FAO, The gender gap in land rights (Rome, 2018). Available at: https://www.fao.org/3/I8796EN/i8796en.pdf[18] FAO, The status of women in agrifood systems (Rome, 2023) Available here: https://www.fao.org/3/cc5343en/cc5343en.pdf
[18] International Labour Organization (ILO), Pay transparency legislation: Implications for employers’ and workers’ organizations (June, 2022). Available at: https://www.ilo.org/travail/info/publications/WCMS_849209/lang–en/index.htm
[19] Damian Grimshaw and Jill Rubery, The motherhood pay gap: A review of the issues, theory and international evidence, International Labour Organization, Conditions of Work and Employment Series No. 57, (Geneva, 2015). Available at: http://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/@dgreports/@dcomm/@publ/documents/publication/wcms_348041.pdf
[20] Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (2021). GEM 2022/2023 Women’s Entrepreneurship: Challenging Bias and Stereotypes. Available at: https://www.gemconsortium.org/report/gem-20222023-womens-entrepreneurship-challenging-bias-and-stereotypes-2
[21] Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (2021). GEM 2020/2021 Women’s Entrepreneurship Report. Thriving through crisis. Available at: https://www.gemconsortium.org/file/open?fileId=50841
[22] OECD Social Institutions and Gender Index 2019 Report. Available at: https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/development/sigi-2019-global-report_bc56d212-en
[23] Diane Elson, Labor markets as gendered institutions: Equality, efficiency and empowerment issues, World Development, vol. 27, No. 3, pp. 611–627 (1999).
[24] UN Women, Forecasting time spent in unpaid care and domestic work: Technical brief, 2023. Available at:
[25] UN Women, Progress on the Sustainable Development Goals the Gender Snapshot 2023. Available at:
[26] Measuring unpaid domestic and care work – ILOSTAT. Available at: https://ilostat.ilo.org/topics/unpaid-work/measuring-unpaid-domestic-and-care-work/
[27] Statistics Division of the United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, The World’s Women 2020: Trends and Statistics. Available at: https://www.un.org/en/desa/world%E2%80%99s-women-2020
[28] Oxfam International, Not all gaps are created equal: the true value of care work. Available at: https://www.oxfam.org/en/not-all-gaps-are-created-equal-true-value-care-work
[29] International Labour Organization (ILO), Care at work: Investing in care leave and services for a more gender equal world of work, 2022. Available at: https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/—dgreports/—dcomm/documents/publication/wcms_838653.pdf
[30] UN Women Issue Paper, Investing in free universal childcare in Sub-Saharan Africa: Côte D’Ivoire, Nigeria, Rwanda, Senegal and The United Republic of Tanzania: Estimating spending requirements, gendered employment effects and fiscal revenue, 2021. Available at:
[31] Women’s Budget Group, A green and caring economy: Final report, 2022. Available at: https://wbg.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/A-Green-and-Caring-Economy-Report-FINAL.pdf
[32] International Labour Organization (ILO), The future of work in a changing natural environment : climate change, degradation and sustainability, 2018. Available at: https://ilo.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/discovery/fulldisplay/alma995018692802676/41ILO_INST:41ILO_V2
[33] International Labour Organization (ILO) Policy brief, Just Transition Policy Brief: Gender equality, labour and a just transition for all, 2022. Available at: https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/—ed_emp/—emp_ent/documents/publication/wcms_860569.pdf
[34] UN Women, Progress on the Sustainable Development Goals: The gender snapshot 2023. Available at:
[35] International Labour Organization (ILO), World employment social outlook: Trends 2018. Available at: https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/—dgreports/—dcomm/—publ/documents/publication/wcms_615594.pdf
[36] International Labour Organization (ILO), Jobs in a net-zero emissions future in Latin America and the Caribbean, 2020. Available at: https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/—americas/—ro-lima/documents/publication/wcms_752069.pdf
[37] UN Women, SDG 13: Take urgent action to combat climate change and its impacts. Available at:
[38] UN Women, Progress on the Sustainable Development Goals: The gender snapshot 2023. Available at:
[39] Ibid.
[40] Ibid.
[41] Ibid.
[42] World Health Organization, Household air pollution: Key facts published in December 2023. Available at: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/household-air-pollution-and-health#:~:text=Each%20year%2C%203.2%20million%20people,air%20pollution%20data%20for%20details
[43] International Labour Organization (ILO), Global Estimates on International Migrant Workers: Results and Methodology Third edition, 2021. Available at: https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/—dgreports/—dcomm/—publ/documents/publication/wcms_808935.pdf
[44] UN Women, Migrant women and remittances: Exploring the data from selected countries, 2020. Available here:
[45] Maelan Le Goff, Feminization of migration and trends in remittances, January 2016. Available at: https://wol.iza.org/uploads/articles/220/pdfs/feminization-of-migration-and-trends-in-remittances.pdf?v=1.
[46] Mónika López-Anuarbe and others, More than altruism: cultural norms and remittances among Hispanics in the USA, Journal of International Migration and Integration, vol. 17, No. 2 (May 2016). Available at: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12134-015-0423-3
[47] ILO Global Estimates on International Migrant Workers: Results and Methodology Third edition, 2021. Available at:
[48] IOM Releases Guidelines for Labour Recruiters of Migrant Domestic Workers, (September, 2020). Available at: https://www.iom.int/news/iom-releases-guidelines-labour-recruiters-migrant-domestic-workers
[49] Development finance for gender equality and women’s empowerment. Available at: https://www.oecd.org/development/gender-development/development-finance-for-gender-equality-and-women-s-empowerment.htm#:~:text=In%202021%2D2022%2C%2043%25,USD%2058.3%20billion%20(39%25).
[Last updated February 2024]
